Chartres Cathedral -160 windows and 3 glazed roses in a mere 40 years!
Chartres Cathedral is one of the most visited church stained glass windows in the world. Hardly surprising, when you think of the amazing feat of its’ construction – every single piece of glass has some glass painting on it, either forming part of the religious narrative or for decorative purposes. There was so much glass painting to do, that the traditional three tonal procedure of firing the trace lines, followed by two matt applications was largely abandoned. Instead, basic trace lines were augmented with a simple wash, and sometimes even the wash was left out. This resulted in a freer style, but meant a loss in legibility from below, as the figures weren’t so well defined.
Chartres Cathedral was rebuilt in 1194 after a near-devastating fire, and the stained glass created from between c.1200-1240. New developments in architecture meant bigger windows – and boy, did they capitalise on that! The religious significance of stained glass is largely lost to us today, but it’s worth quoting the Bishop of Durand de Mende here, to underline just how serious a role stained glass had in the early 13th century: ‘stained glass windows, through which the clarity of the sun is transmitted, signify the Holy Scriptures, which banish evil from us and enlighten our being’. Whether you’re religious or not, I defy anyone to resist the power of stained glass to uplift and enlighten – banishing evil is a slightly more tricky proposition though!
Another important role of stained glass was to impart religious stories to a largely illiterate populace, and at Chartres Cathedral there was some attempt to create a coherent visual scheme. The upper windows of the apse were devoted to the Glorification of the Virgin Mary – in fact the whole cathedral was dedicated to her – and the western wall of the nave concentrated on the Life and Passion of Christ, with the rose above featuring the Last Judgement. However, all hopes of a logical scheme went to pot when the tastes and preferences of individual donors kicked in. Here we see fur merchants happily going about their business – it’s like having a full-page ad in a national newspaper, shouting ‘wealth’ and ‘success’. You can’t knock it too much though - without this patronage it’s doubtful that the medieval stained glass at Chartres Cathedral would’ve been as plentiful or finished in such an amazingly short space of time.
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